Andrew Fisher, (born Aug. 29, 1862, Crosshouse, Ayrshire, Scot.—died Oct. 22, 1928, London,
Eng.), three-time Labor prime minister of Australia (1908–09, 1910–13,
1914–15) who sponsored important legislation in the fields of social welfare, economic development, labour relations, and defense.
Fisher emigrated from England to Queensland
in 1885, worked as a coal miner and union leader, and was elected to
the state legislature in 1893. In 1901 he served in the first federal
Parliament and, briefly, in the first Labor government
in 1904, assuming party leadership in 1907. His second term as prime
minister was a fruitful one, advancing on the program of his
predecessor, Alfred Deakin.
Legislation was passed that created a commonwealth bank and a land tax
to break up large estates, extended the Navigation Act to protect
Australian shipping, and started a national navy. Fisher also brought
about the provision of maternity allowances, the extension of judicial
arbitration for labour disputes, and the beginning of a transcontinental
railroad.
On reelection in 1914, Fisher led Australia into World War I,
having pledged his country’s support for Great Britain to “the last man
and the last shilling” in a famous election campaign declaration.
Strain imposed by the war, however, forced him to resign his ministry in
1915, after which he served as Australian high commissioner in London
from 1916 to 1921.
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